| Jadera haematoloma | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Family: | Rhopalidae |
| Genus: | Jadera |
| Species: | J. haematoloma |
| Binomial name | |
| Jadera haematoloma (Herrich-Schäffer, 1847) |
|
Jadera haematoloma, the red-shouldered bug, goldenrain-tree bug or soapberry bug, is a species of true bug that lives throughout the United States and south to northern South America.[1] It feeds on seeds within the soapberry plant family, Sapindaceae, and is known to rapidly adapt to feeding on particular hosts. People often confuse this species with the boxelder bug.
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J. haematoloma are typically 9.5–13.5 millimetres (0.37–0.53 in) long and 3–4 millimetres (0.12–0.16 in) wide, though the short-winged form (brachyptera) usually is 7–8 millimetres (0.28–0.31 in) long. Color is mostly blackish (sometimes dark gray or purplish) except for red eyes, "shoulders" (lateral margins of pronotum), and costal margins and dorsal part of abdomen. Nymphs are mostly red with a black pronotum and wingpads. All appendages are blackish.[1]
For most of the twentieth century, little was know about the range of J. haematoloma. Reports showed breeding populations to be present in Florida, Kansas, Colorado, Texas, Arizona, California, Alabama, Illinois, North Carolina, Missouri, Colorado, Iowa, as well as Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland.[2][3][4][5][6] A study published in 1987, showed the distribution of J. haematoloma "revealed the close correspondence of records for the bug with the ranges of the soapberry plants that serve as the insects native hosts."[7] In addition, isolated examples have been reported as far north as Minnesota. Outside of the United States, J. haematoloma is found south through Central America and the West Indies to Colombia and Venezuela.[8] [9]
Two populations in southern Florida are particularly notable. The more southern of these two populations has colonized a native host soapberry tree and balloon vine (Cardiospermum corindum). This vine produces capsules of a fairly uniform size, which adult J. haematoloma feed on by inserting their mouthparts (beak) through the capsule's exterior and into the interior seeds. In the mid-1950s, a southeast Asian tree, the flat-podded goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria elegans), was introduced as an ornamental plant. It escaped domestication and naturalized. Significantly, the goldenrain tree can be colonized by J. haematoloma, though its capsules are smaller and the seeds less deeply embedded than in the balloon vine.
In a seminal paper published in the scientific journal Genetica in 2001, it was shown that evolution that had taken place in this southernmost population of J. haematoloma in a period of only a few decades.[10] They showed that the beak length, which in the ancestral type was about 70% the length of the body, was only about 50% the body length in the insects that had colonized the non-native tree, though the size of the bugs themselves had not changed. In addition, they found that:[11]
...derived bugs mature 25% more rapidly, are 20% more likely to survive, and lay almost twice as many eggs when reared on seeds of the introduced host rather than those of the native host. Fecundity is also twice as great as that of ancestral type bugs reared on either host, while egg mass is 20% smaller.